Acehtsunami

A tsunami can be generate by any disturbance that displace a huge water mass from its equilibrium position. In the case of earthquake-generated tsunamis, the water column is anxious by the uplift of the sea floor. Submarine landslide, which frequently accompany large earthquakes, as well as collapse of volcanic edifices, can also concern the overlying water column as sediment and rock droop downslope and are redistributed across the sea floor. Similarly, a violent underwater volcanic eruption can create an impulsive force that uplifts the water column and generate a tsunami. Conversely, underwater landslides and cosmic-body impacts concern the water from above, as momentum from falling wreckage is transferred to the water into which the debris falls. Gernerally tsuna-mis generated from these mechanism, unlike the Pacific-wide tsunamis caused by some earthquakes, dissipate quickly and sometimes affect coastlines distant from the source area. What happens to a tsunami as it approach land?

As a tsunami leaves the deep water of the open ocean and travels into the shallower water next to the coast, it transforms. If you read the “How do tsunamis differ from other water waves?” section, you exposed that a tsunami travels at a speed that is interrelated to the water depth — hence, as the water depth decrease, the tsunami slows.The tsunami’s energy flux, which is depends on the both its wave speed and wave height, remains nearly invariable. As a result, as the tsunami’s speed diminish as it travels into shallower water, its height grows. Because of this shoaling effect, a tsunami, imperceptible at sea, may grow to be numerous meters or more in height near the coast. When it finally reaches the coast, a tsunami may appear as a rapidly rising or falling tide, a series of breaking waves, or even a bore.

The explosion of a volcano in the Canary Islands could trigger a ”mega-tsunami” that would demolish Atlantic coastlines with waves as far above the ground as 330 feet

They said an explosion of the Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma, it’s a part of the Spanish island chain off West Africa, was likely to damage a massive chunk of rock to break off, crashing into the sea and kicks up vast walls of water higher than any other in recorded history.

Tsunami would be ability of traveling huge distances at up to 500 miles an hour .. But Cumbre Vieja should be monitored directly for any signs of activity so that emergency services could plan an effective response…

Although the year-to-year chance of a collapse is therefore low, the resultant tsunami would be a major disaster with indirect effects around the world.

west sahara to bear brunt

The energy released by the collapse would be equivalent to the electricity consumption of the entire United States in half a year.

Immediately after the mud slide, a dome of water 900 meters (3,000 feet high) and tens of miles wide would form, only to collapse and bounce back.

The landslide ruins moved deeper under water, a tsunami would develop. Within 10 minutes, the tsunami would have moved a distance of about 155 miles.

On the west Saharan shore, waves would almost certainly reach heights of 330 feet.

Florida and the Caribbean the final north Atlantic destination to be affected by the tsunami would have to support themselves for 165 foot waves some eight to nine hours after the landslide.

Wave heights in the direction of Europe would be smaller, but substantial waves would hit the coasts of Britain, Spain, Portugal and France.

The research paper predictable water would penetrate several miles inland and that the devastation would cause trillions of dollars in damage.

Kyrgyzstan To Xinjiang

The most important pass in border between Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang is Torugart Pass, which is “Central Asia’s most exhilarating overland crossing. Scenically extraordinary but logistically difficult and potentially expensive.” (Lonely Planet: Central Asia (2000))

By Crossing the Torugart Pass, travellers get to Kezilesu in westerm Xinjiang and might head eastwards to Kashi and Hetian. Xinjiang’s Akesu is also bordering Kyrgyzstan.

Wednesday, December 25, 2002 at 12:57:07 (UTC)

Magnitude : 5.7
Time : Wednesday, December 25, 2002 at 12:57:07 (UTC)
Distance from : 106 km (66 miles) ESE (108 degrees) of Kyrgyzstan-Xinjiang
Coordinates : 39 deg. 42.2 min. N (39.703N) Depth 33.0 km (20.5 miles)
border region
Quality : Error estimate: horizontal +/- 6.1 km; depth fixed by location program

A body of the Tsunami is specially designed to make the smoke swirl and rise, similar to a tsunami   wave swirl at the base of the ocean and getting higher above the surface. Good   puncture are done along its body, They are creating the air-jets which filter   out tar particles. For the reason that the smoke rises in cyclone-like fashion,   the centrifugal force pushes the tar particles opposite to the inner wall, where   they are collecting through the air-jets. It is advertise as a double-filtered   pipe for the reason that extra form of tar extraction. Tsunami will be different in size but they all have 6 air jets. This will increases   the velocity flow of the smoke when inhale, which results in a earlier, quicker   “hit”.

Tsunami uses a particular down-stem, which will be connects to an ash-catcher.   The bowl is linked to the top of the ash-catcher. When smoking, the ash felt   into the ash-catcher and it will be kept there, preventing several solid materials   from entering into the main chamber of the Tsunami.   This functions keep the main water clean, and many users report a smooth taste   because of this. The smoke however, it does not filter through the water in   the ash-catcher.

The Tsunami has a extraordinary   design for medicinal use. The body can be twisted on its side without spill   any water so that someone who is bed ridden can use the Tsunami lying down.   The hole at the top of the bottom-stem must be positioned facing the person   using the Tsunami for this to be effective.

Each and every Tsunami has a small hole on the lower front wall of its body, called as a carburetor   or “carb”. This characteristic forces the smoke to rise rapidly during   a “clear”, as the outside air which is being pulled in does not have to pass   into the main water tank, which slows down the hit

It is likely that one or more severely damaging earthquakes, which equal or exceed the 1994 Northridge earthquake in magnitude, will strike the United States within the next decade. Repeats of the 1906 San Francisco and the 1964 Alaska earthquakes loom somewhere in the future for California and Alaska. Although most people associate them with the nation’s West Coast, earthquakes pose a significant risk in at least 39 states. The New Madrid, Missouri, earthquake of 1811 was as powerful as the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and was felt across the entire eastern United States. The National Research Council has estimated that a repeat of the 1811 New Madrid earthquake could result in hundreds to thousands of lives lost and over $100 billion dollars of damage in a 26-state area. In areas such as the Midwest that experience earthquakes infrequently, the earthquake hazard awareness, vulnerability, and risk sensitivity of the residents is low. Even in areas that have frequent earthquakes, preparedness is often highly variable.

Earthquakes release the strain built up in the earth’ otentially damaging earthquakes are caused by sudden movements along faults. Earthquakes may result in offsets of up to thirty feet which extend up to hundreds of miles along the length of the faults. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the 1964 Alaska earthquake were of this scale. Lesser earthquakes, like the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake are intermediate in magnitude but were still felt over thousands of square miles. Even in relatively well-studied areas surprises can occur. The 1994 Northridge earthquake, which occurred along an unrecognized, buried fault, is a prime example. In the Central and Eastern United States, where earthquakes are less frequent than in the West, there are potentially more surprises; because the risk is less well understood, mitigation practices are less commonly implemented and the potential for damage, should an earthquake occur, is much greater.

Earthquake effects include violent ground shaking and earthquake-induced ground failure such as liquefaction (the sudden conversion of soil to a liquid mass due to shaking as occurred in the 1995 Kobe earthquake), landslide, or ground surface rupture. Submarine earthquakes can induce damaging tsunami (seismic sea waves or “tidal” waves), which can travel undiminished thousands of miles before bringing destruction to coastal areas. Earthquakes may also cause permanent changes in sea-level elevation through local ground subsidence or uplift.

The principal threat from earthquakes is shaking damage and the collapse of buildings and other structures that have been inadequately designed or constructed to resist seismic forces. Major earthquakes can severely interrupt regional or national economic activity by damaging lifelines such as roads, railways, water, power, and communication lines. Seismic damage interrupts the flow to users of vital resources and services, thereby increasing the risk to life safety and impeding economic growth. Ground failure hazards such as subsidence, landslides, liquefaction, and settlement also cause damage to structures and lifelines, and are a major threat to dams, waterfront structures, highway facilities, and buried lifelines.

Although much remains to be learned about the most effective and economical techniques for enhancing the seismic safety of structures, many proven cost-effective measures are already being applied in the United States. Considering that little to no strong earthquake ground motion data was collected prior to the 1933 Long Beach earthquake, there have been great accomplishments in the design and construction of earthquake-resistant structures. Because of improved building codes, land use planning, and preparedness, the losses in the San Francisco Bay area from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and in the Los Angeles area from the 1994 Northridge earthquake were much lower than would have occurred in a less well-prepared region .

The current legal requirements for constructing buildings, highways, bridges, and other lifelines in earthquake-prone regions vary greatly from one region to another, or even from one local jurisdiction to another, despite the fact that seismic safety can often be incorporated in new buildings and lifelines at little or no extra cost for design, construction, or operation. Local action to provide earthquake mitigation measures depends largely upon the awareness and education of public officials, engineers, planners, the business community, and the general populace.

While the United States has lost comparatively few lives in earthquakes in recent years, the number can be reduced further. The cost of earthquake damage is still unacceptably high. All regions that are prone to earthquakes must begin to undertake mitigation measures to reduce future human and property losses. While earthquakes are inevitable natural hazards, they need not be inevitable disasters. Our nation can reduce losses of life, casualties, property losses, and social and economic disruptions from future earthquakes through prudent actions

Thunderstorms and Lightning

1 . Facts About Thunderstorms
2 . Facts About Lightning
3 . How Can I Protect Myself From a Thunderstorm or Lightning?

All thunderstorms are dangerous. Every thunderstorm produces lightning. In the United States, an average of 300 people are injured and 80 people are killed each year by lightning. Although most lightning victims survive, people struck by lightning often report a variety of long-term, debilitating symptoms. Other associated dangers of thunderstorms include tornadoes, strong winds, hail, and flash flooding. Flash flooding is responsible for more fatalities—more than 140 annually—than any other thunderstorm-associated hazard.

Dry thunderstorms that do not produce rain that reaches the ground are most prevalent in the western United States. Falling raindrops evaporate, but lightning can still reach the ground and can start wildfires.

Facts About Thunderstorms

1 . They may occur singly, in clusters, or in lines.
2 . Some of the most severe occur when a single thunderstorm affects one location for an extended time.

3 . Thunderstorms typically produce heavy rain for a brief period, anywhere from 3 0 minutes to an hour.
4 . Warm, humid conditions are highly favorable for development.
5 . About 10 percent of thunderstorms are classified as severe—one that produces hail at least three-quarters of an inch in diameter, has winds of 58 miles per hour or higher, or produces a tornado.

Facts About Lightning

1 . Lightning’s unpredictability increases the risk to individuals and property.
2 . Lightning often strikes outside of heavy rain and may occur as far as 10 miles away from any rainfall.
3 . “Heat lightning” is actually lightning from a thunderstorm too far away for thunder to be heard.     However, the storm may be moving in your direction!
4 . Most lightning deaths and injuries occur when people are caught outdoors in the summer months during the afternoon and evening.
5 . Your chances of being struck by lightning are estimated to be 1 in 600,000 but could be reduced even further by following safety precautions.
6 . Lightning strike victims carry no electrical charge and should be attended to immediately.

Tornadoes are nature’s most violent storms. Spawned from powerful thunderstorms, tornadoes can cause fatalities and devastate a neighborhood in seconds. A tornado appears as a rotating, funnel-shaped cloud that extends from a thunderstorm to the ground with whirling winds that can reach 300 miles per hour. Damage paths can be in excess of one mile wide and 50 miles long. Every state is at some risk from hazard.

Some tornadoes are clearly visible, while rain or nearby low-hanging clouds obscure others. Occasionally, tornadoes develop so rapidly that little, if any, advance warning is possible.

Before a tornado hits, the wind may die down and the air may become very still. A cloud of debris can mark the location of a tornado even if a funnel is not visible. Tornadoes generally occur near the trailing edge of a thunderstorm. It is not uncommon to see clear, sunlit skies behind a tornado.

The following are facts about tornadoes:

1 . They may strike quickly, with little or no warning.

2 . They may appear nearly transparent until dust and debris are picked up or a cloud forms in the funnel.

3 . The average tornado moves Southwest to Northeast, but tornadoes have been known to move in any direction.

4 . The average forward speed of a tornado is 30 MPH, but may vary from stationary to 70 MPH.

5 . Tornadoes can accompany tropical storms and hurricanes as they move onto land.

6 . Waterspouts are tornadoes that form over water.

7 . Tornadoes are most frequently reported east of the Rocky Mountains during spring and summer      months.

8 . Peak tornado season in the southern states is March through May; in the northern states, it is late    spring through early summer.

9 . Tornadoes are most likely to occur between 3 p.m. and 9 p.m., but can occur at any time.

An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip on a fault. The tectonic plates are always slowly moving, but they get stuck at their edges due to friction. When the stress on the edge overcomes the friction, there is an earthquake that releases energy in waves that travel through the earth’s crust and cause the shaking that we feel.

In California there are two plates- the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. The Pacific Plate consists of most of the Pacific Ocean floor and the California Coast line. The North American Plate comprises most the North American Continent and parts of the Atlantic Ocean floor. The primary boundary between these two plates is the San Andreas Fault. The San Andreas Fault is more than 650 miles long and extends to depths of at least 10 miles. Many other smaller faults like the Hayward (Northern California) and the San Jacinto (Southern California) branch from and join the San Andreas Fault Zone. The Pacific Plate grinds northwestward past the North American Plate at a rate of about two inches per year.

Parts of the San Andreas Fault system adapt to this movement by constant “creep” resulting in many tiny shocks and a few moderate earth tremors. In other areas where creep is not

Damaged caused by earthquake

The effects of an earthquake are strongest in a broad zone covering the epicenter. The Surface of the ground cracking associated with fault that reach the surface often occurs, with horizontal and vertical displacement of a number of yards common. Such progress does not have to occur during a major earthquake, slight interrupted movements called fault creep can be accompanied by micro earthquakes too little to be felt. The level of earthquake vibration and subsequent damage to a region is partly dependent on the ground. For (eg) earthquake vibrations last longer and are of greater wave amplitudes in unconsolidated outside material, such as poorly compacted fill or river deposits, bedrock areas get fewer property. The worst damage occurs in more populated urban area where structures are not built to withstand passionate shaking. There, L waves can produce critical vibrations in buildings and break water and gas lines, starting uncontrollable fires.

Damage and loss of life sustained for the stage of an earthquake result from falling structures and flying glass and objects. Flexible structure built on bedrock are normally more resistant to earthquake damage than rigid structure built on loose soil. In some areas, an earthquake can trigger mudslides, which slip down mountain slopes and can put in the ground habitations below. The submarine earthquake can produce a tsunami, a series of damaging waves that ripple outward from the earthquake epicenter and inundate coastal cities.

The key to learning from any disaster—whether tsunami, earthquake, storm, fire or volcano—is to gather as much data as possible, as quickly as possible. Like evidence from a fresh crime scene, the information is fragile; critical clues about the cause and effects of the calamity are altered or lost with each passing hour, as people rush to rescue and care for victims, restore services and keep the peace. Therefore, it is vital to gather information as quickly as possible, before it disappears forever.

With that potential data loss in mind, NSF’s Learning from Earthquakes (LFE) rapid-response program quickly dispatched dozens of researchers to the devastated regions of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and other areas around the Indian Ocean. LFE is administered by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, a national, nonprofit, technical society of engineers, geoscientists, architects, planners, public officials and social scientists.

Once on the scene, these U.S. investigators teamed with local scientists to study the aftermath, even as still more researchers were arriving under other auspices.